Uncover Definition a Dying Art by Don Wulffson Answer Key for Comprehession

Object primarily used by children to engage in activities for enjoyment and/or recreation

A toy is an detail that is used primarily past children though may as well be marketed to adults nether certain circumstances. Playing with toys can exist an enjoyable ways of training immature children for life experiences. Different materials similar wood, dirt, paper, and plastic are used to make toys. Many items are designed to serve equally toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For instance, a small child may fold an ordinary piece of paper into an plane shape and "fly it." Newer forms of toys include interactive digital entertainment and smart toys. Some toys are produced primarily as collectors' items and are intended for brandish only.

The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, simply it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children.^[1] The oldest known doll toy is thought to be 4,000 years old.^[2]

Playing with toys is an important role of growing up and learning about the globe around to come. Younger children use toys to discover their identity, help with knowledge, larn cause and outcome, explore relationships, go stronger physically, and practise skills needed in machismo. Adults on occasion use toys to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, help in therapy, and to remember and reinforce lessons from their youth.

History

Antiquity

Little horse on wheels, Ancient Greek children's toy. From a tomb dating 950–900 BCE, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens

Virtually children accept been said^{[ weasel words ]} to play with whatever they can observe, such every bit sticks and rocks. Toys and games have been unearthed from the sites of ancient civilizations. They have been written about in some of the oldest literature. Toys excavated from the Indus valley culture (3010–1500 BCE) include small carts, whistles shaped similar birds, and toy monkeys which could slide downwardly a string.^[3] ^{[ unreliable source? ]}

The primeval toys are made from materials found in nature, such as rocks, sticks, and clay. Thousands of years agone, Egyptian children played with dolls that had wigs and movable limbs which were made from stone, pottery, and forest.^[4] Given their love of games, it is highly probable that the ancient Egyptians also had children's toys, just they are exceptionally difficult to identify with certainty in the archaeological record. Small figurines and models plant in tombs are usually interpreted as ritual objects; those from settlements sites are more hands labelled as toys. They include spinning tops, assurance of jump, and wooden models of animals with movable parts.^[five]

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, children played with dolls made of wax or terracotta, sticks, bows and arrows, and yo-yos. When Greek children, especially girls, came of age it was customary for them to cede the toys of their childhood to the gods. On the eve of their nuptials, young girls effectually xiv would offer their dolls in a temple every bit a rite of passage into adulthood.^[6] ^[7]

The oldest known mechanical puzzle also comes from Greece and appeared in the third century BCE. The game consisted of a square divided into 14 parts, and the aim was to create dissimilar shapes from these pieces. In Iran "puzzle-locks" were made equally early as the 17th century (Advertising).

Enlightenment Era

Toys became more widespread with changing Western attitudes towards children and childhood engendered by the Enlightenment. Previously, children had oft been thought of equally small adults, who were expected piece of work to produce the goods that the family unit needed to survive; ideas most childhood have evolved significantly since so. Equally children's culture scholar Stephen Kline has argued, medieval children were "more fully integrated into the daily flux of making and consuming, of getting forth. They had no autonomy, separate statuses, privileges, special rights or forms of social comportment that were entirely their own."^[8]

A boy with a hoop. Hoops have long been a popular toy beyond a diverseness of cultures.

Every bit these ideas began irresolute during the enlightenment era, blowing bubbles from leftover washing up soap became a pop pastime, as shown in the painting The Soap Bubble (1739) by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, and other pop toys included hoops, toy wagons, kites, spinning wheels and puppets. Many board games were produced by John Jefferys in the 1750s, including A Journey Through Europe.^[9] The game was very like to modern lath games; players moved along a runway with the throw of a die (a teetotum was actually used) and landing on different spaces would either assist or hinder the actor.^[10]

In the nineteenth century, Western values prioritized toys with an educational purpose, such as puzzles, books, cards and board games. Religiously themed toys were as well pop, including a model Noah's Ark with miniature animals and objects from other Bible scenes. With growing prosperity among the middle class, children had more than leisure time on their hands, which led to the application of industrial methods to the manufacture of toys.^[10]

More complex mechanical and optics-based toys were also invented during this period. Carpenter and Westley began to mass-produce the kaleidoscope, invented past Sir David Brewster in 1817, and had sold over 200,000 items inside iii months in London and Paris. The company was also able to mass-produce magic lanterns for use in phantasmagoria and galanty shows, by developing a method of mass production using a copper plate printing process. Popular imagery on the lanterns included royalty, flora and fauna, and geographical/man-made structures from around the globe.^[eleven] The modern zoetrope was invented in 1833 by British mathematician William George Horner and was popularized in the 1860s.^[12] Forest and porcelain dolls in miniature doll houses were pop with eye-class girls, while boys played with marbles and toy trains.

Industrial Era and Mass Marketed Toys

Frank Hornby's 1901 patent number GB190100587A for what later became known as Meccano

The golden age of toy evolution occurred during the industrial era. Real wages were rising steadily in the Western world, allowing even working-course families to afford toys for their children, and industrial techniques of precision engineering science and mass production were able to provide the supply to see this rising demand. Intellectual accent was also increasingly being placed on the importance of a wholesome and happy babyhood for the future evolution of children. Franz Kolb, a German chemist, invented plasticine in 1880, and in 1900 commercial production of the textile as a children's toy began. Frank Hornby was a visionary in toy development and manufacture and was responsible for the invention and production of three of the most popular lines of toys based on engineering science principles in the twentieth century: Meccano, Hornby Model Railways and Dinky Toys.

Meccano was a model construction arrangement that consisted of re-usable metal strips, plates, bending girders, wheels, axles and gears, with nuts and bolts to connect the pieces and enabled the building of working models and mechanical devices. Dinky Toys pioneered the manufacture of die-cast toys with the production of toy cars, trains and ships and model train sets became popular in the 1920s. The Britain'south company revolutionized the production of toy soldiers with the invention of the procedure of hollow casting in atomic number 82 in 1893^[13] – the company's products remained the industry standard for many years.

Puzzles became profoundly fashionable every bit well. In 1893, the English lawyer Angelo John Lewis, writing under the pseudonym of Professor Hoffman, wrote a volume called Puzzles Onetime and New.^[fourteen] It independent, amid other things, more than forty descriptions of puzzles with secret opening mechanisms. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and was very popular at the time. The Tangram puzzle, originally from China, spread to Europe and America in the 19th century.

In tandem with the development of mass-produced toys, Enlightenment ideals about children'southward rights to pedagogy and leisure time came to fruition. During the late 18th and early 19th century, many families needed to send their children to work in factories and other sites to make ends see--just as their predecessors had required their labor producing household goods in the medieval era.^[15] Business concern owners' exploitation and abuse of child laborers during this menstruation differed from how children had been treated every bit workers within a family unit, though. Thanks to advocacy including photographic documentation of children'southward exploitation and corruption by business owners, Western nations enacted a serial of child labor laws, putting an end to child labor in nations such as the U.S. (1949).^[16] This fully entrenched, through law, the Western thought that childhood is a time for leisure, not work--and with leisure time comes more infinite for consumer appurtenances such every bit toys.^[17]

During the Second Globe War, some new types of toys were created through accidental innovation. After trying to create a replacement for synthetic condom, the American Earl L. Warrick inadvertently invented "nutty putty" during World State of war 2. Later, Peter Hodgson recognized the potential equally a childhood plaything and packaged information technology as Silly Putty. Similarly, Play-Doh was originally created equally a wallpaper cleaner.^[18] In 1943 Richard James was experimenting with springs as office of his military research when he saw ane come loose and fall to the floor. He was intrigued by the mode it flopped effectually on the floor. He spent 2 years fine-tuning the design to notice the best gauge of steel and coil; the result was the Slinky, which went on to sell in stores throughout the United States.

After the 2nd Globe War equally society became ever more flush and new technology and materials (plastics) for toy manufacture became available, toys became cheap and ubiquitous in households across the Western World. At this point, name-brand toys became widespread in the U.S. -- a new phenomenon that helped market mass-produce toys to audiences of children growing upwards with ample leisure time and during a period of relative prosperity.^[19]

Amidst the more than well known products of the 1950s there was the Danish company Lego's line of colourful interlocking plastic brick structure sets, Rubik'southward Cube, Mr. Potato Head, the Barbie doll and Action Man.^[twenty] Today there are computerized dolls that can recognize and identify objects, the voice of their possessor, and choose amongst hundreds of pre-programmed phrases with which to respond.^[21] The materials that toys are made from have changed, what toys can exercise has changed, only the fact that children play with toys has not.

Civilisation

The act of children's play with toys embodies the values set forth by the adults of their specific community, just through the lens of the child's perspective. Within cultural societies, toys are a medium to raise a kid's cognitive, social, and linguistic learning.^[22]

In some cultures, toy are utilized as a fashion to enhance a child's skillset within the traditional boundaries of their hereafter roles in the community. In Saharan and North African cultures, play is facilitated by children through the use of toys to enact scenes recognizable in their community such equally hunting and herding. The value is placed in a realistic version of evolution in preparing a kid for the future they are probable to grow upward into. This allows the kid to imagine and create a personal interpretation of how they view the adult world.^[23]

Notwithstanding, in other cultures, toys are used to expand the development of a child'south cognition in an idealistic fashion. In these communities, adults identify the value of play with toys to be on the aspirations they set forth for their child. In the Western culture, the Barbie and Activity-Homo correspond lifelike figures but in an imaginative land out of attain from the social club of these children and adults. These toys requite way to a unique world in which children'southward play is isolated and independent of the social constraints placed on society leaving the children gratis to delve into the imaginary and idealized version of what their development in life could be.^[23]

In addition, children from differing communities may treat their toys in different ways based on their cultural practices. Children in more flush communities may tend to be possessive of their toys, while children from poorer communities may exist more willing to share and interact more with other children. The importance the kid places on possession is dictated by the values in place within the community that the children find on a daily basis.^[24]

Kid evolution

Toys, like play itself, serve multiple purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling an educational role. Toys enhance cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. They aid in the evolution of physical and mental skills which are necessary in later life.

Wooden blocks, though elementary, are regarded by early childhood education experts such as Sally Cartwright (1974) every bit an excellent toy for young children, who praised the fact that they are relatively like shooting fish in a barrel to appoint with, tin can exist used in repeatable and anticipated ways, and are versatile and open-concluded, assuasive for a broad variety of developmentally appropriate play.^[25] Andrew Witkin, director of marketing for Mega Brands told Investor's Business concern Daily that, "They help develop hand-centre coordination, math and science skills and also permit kids be artistic."^[26] Other toys like marbles, jackstones, and balls serve like functions in child development, allowing children to use their minds and bodies to learn about spatial relationships, cause and effect, and a wide range of other skills.

One example of the dramatic ways that toys can influence kid development involves clay sculpting toys such as Play-Doh and Light-headed Putty and their abode-made counterparts. Mary Ucci, Educational Director of the Child Report Center of Wellesley College, has demonstrated how such toys positively impact the physical development, cognitive development, emotional development, and social development of children.^[27]

Toys for infants frequently make use of distinctive sounds, bright colors, and unique textures. Through play with toys infants begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition reinforces retention. Play-Doh, Giddy Putty and other hands-on materials let the child to brand toys of their own.

Educational toys for school age children of often contain a puzzle, trouble-solving technique, or mathematical proffer. Ofttimes toys designed for older audiences, such every bit teenagers or adults, demonstrate advanced concepts. Newton's cradle, a desk toy designed past Simon Prebble, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy.

Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children.^[28] Even some toys which are marketed for a specific age range can even harm the development of children in that range, such equally when for case toys meant for young girls contribute to the ongoing trouble of girls' sexualization in Western culture.^[29]

A study suggested that supplying fewer toys in the environment allows toddlers to better focus to explore and play more creatively. The provision of four rather than 16 toys is thus suggested to promote children'southward evolution and good for you play.^[thirty]

Age compression

Age pinch is the mod trend of children moving through play stages faster than was the case in the past. Children have a desire to progress to more circuitous toys at a faster stride, girls in particular. Barbie dolls, for example, were once marketed to girls around 8 years former but have been found to exist more than popular in contempo years with girls around iii years sometime,^[31] with most girls outgrowing the brand by about age 7.^[32] The packaging for the dolls labels them appropriate for ages 3 and up. Boys, in contrast, apparently enjoy toys and games over a longer timespan, gravitating towards toys that meet their interest in assembling and disassembling mechanical toys, and toys that "move fast and things that fight". An industry executive points out that girls have entered the "tween" stage by the time they are 8 years old and desire non-traditional toys, whereas boys have been maintaining an involvement in traditional toys until they are 12 years quondam, pregnant the traditional toy industry holds onto their boy customers for 50% longer than their girl customers.^[31]

Girls gravitate towards "music, apparel, make-upwards, television talent shows and celebrities". Equally immature children are more exposed to and drawn to music intended for older children and teens, companies are having to rethink how they develop and market their products.^[33] Girls too demonstrate a longer loyalty to characters in toys and games marketed towards them.^[34] A diversity of global toy companies have marketed themselves to this attribute of girls' development, for instance, the Howdy Kitty brand and the Disney Princess franchise.^[35] Boys accept shown an interest in computer games at an e'er-younger historic period in contempo years.

Gender

A toy tank with a remote control. Such toys are generally thought of as boys' toys.

Certain toys, such as Barbie dolls and toy soldiers, are often perceived as being more acceptable for one gender than the other. The turning point for the addition of gender to toys came most in the 1960s and 1970s. Earlier 1975, only about ii percent of toys were labeled by gender, whereas today on the Disney store's website, considered a dominating global force for toys by researcher Claire Miller, all toys are labeled by gender.^[36] The journal Sex Roles began publishing research on this topic in 1975, focusing on the effects of gender in youth. Too, many psychological textbooks began to accost this new issue. Along with these publications, researchers also started to claiming the ideas of male person and female person as existence opposites, even going as far every bit to merits toys which have characteristics of both gender are preferable.^[37]

A milestone for research on gender is the use of meta-analysis, which provides a way to assess patterns in a systematic way, which is especially relevant for a topic such every bit gender, which can be difficult to quantify.^[37] Nature and nurture have historically been analyzed when looking at gender in play, as well every bit reinforcement by peers and parents of typical gender roles and consequently, gender play.^[37] Toy companies take often promoted the segregation by gender in toys because it enables them to customize the same toy for each gender, which ultimately doubles their acquirement. For case, Legos added more colors to certain sets of toys in the 1990s, including colors commonly attributed to girls such as lavender.^{[ citation needed ]}

It has been noted by researchers that, "Children as young as xviii months brandish sexual activity-stereotyped toy choices".^[38] When eye movement is tracked in young infants, babe girls show a visual preference for a doll over a toy truck (d > ane.0). Boys showed no preference for the truck over the doll. However, they did fixate on the truck more than the girls (d = .78).^[39] This modest study suggests that fifty-fifty earlier whatever self-awareness of gender identity has emerged, children already prefer sexual practice-typical toys. These differences in toy choice are well established within the child by the age of three.^[40]

Some other study done past Jeffrey Trawick-Smith took threescore different children ages three to four and observed them playing with ix different toys deemed best for development. They were allowed to play with the toys in a typical environs, a preschool classroom, which allowed for the results to be more authentic compared to research done in a lab. The researchers then quantified play quality of the children with each toy based on factors such equally learning, problem solving, marvel, inventiveness, imagination, and peer interaction. The results revealed that boys mostly received higher scores for overall play quality than girls, and the toys with the best play quality were those identified as the most gender neutral, such as building blocks and bricks forth with pieces modeling people. Trawick-Smith then concluded that the written report encourages a focus on toys which are beneficial to both genders in order to create a better balance.^[41]

While some parents promote gender neutral play, many parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sex-typed activities, including doll playing and engaging in housekeeping activities for girls and playing with trucks and engaging in sports activities for boys.^[42] Researcher Susan Witt said that parents are the primary influencer on the gender roles of their children.^[43] Parents, siblings, peers, and even teachers have been shown to react more than positively to children engaging in sex-typical beliefs and playing with sexual activity-typical toys.^[44] This is often done through encouragement or discouragement, equally well as suggestions^[43] and imitation.^{[ commendation needed ]} Additionally, sons are more likely to be reinforced for sex-typical play and discouraged from atypical play.^[44] Nonetheless, it is generally not as looked downwards upon for females to play with toys designed "for boys", an activeness which has also get more common in recent years.^[45] Fathers are also more than likely to reinforce typical play and discourage atypical play than mothers are.^[46] A study washed by researcher Susan Witt suggests that stereotypes are oftentimes just strengthened by the environment, which perpetuates them to linger in older life.^[43]

This stereotypical attribution of sex-typical toys for girls and boys is gradually changing, with toys companies creating more gender neutral toys, as the benefits associated with allowing children to play with toys that appeal to them far outweighs decision-making their individual preferences.^[47] For example, many stores are beginning to change their gender labels on children'southward play items. Target removed all identification related to gender from their toy aisles and Disney did the same for their costumes.^[36] The Disney store is an especially prevalent example of gender in play because they are a global identity in the toy earth. A study washed regarding their website found that though they have removed gender labels from their costumes, the toys online reflect more stereotypical gender identities. For example, males were associated with physicality and females were associated with beauty, housing, and caring.^[48] Besides, though they promote their toys as existence for both genders, there is no section for boys and girls combined on their website. Those which are more often than not deemed for both genders more than closely resemble what many would label "male child toys," as they relate closer to the stereotype of masculinity inside play.^[48]

Traditions within various cultures promote the passing down of certain toys to their children based on the child's gender. In Due south American Indian communities, boys receive a toy bow and arrow from their male parent while immature girls receive a toy basket from their mother.^[22] In North African and Saharan cultural communities, gender plays a part in the creation of cocky-made dolls. While female person dolls are used to represent brides, mothers, and wives, male person dolls are used to represent horsemen and warriors. This contrast stems from the diverse roles of men and women within the Saharan and North African communities. There are differences in the toys that are intended for girls and boys inside various cultures, which is reflective of the differing roles of men and women within a specific cultural community.^[23]

Research on the repercussions of gender in toys suggests that play should exist encouraged to exist more gender neutral in society to work towards a desegregation of the genders.^[41] Too, researcher Carol Auster and Claire Mansbach promote that allowing children to play with toys which more closely fit their talents would help them to meliorate develop their skills.^[48] In terms of parental influence, a study found that parents who demonstrated some androgynous behavior have higher scores in support, warmth, and self-worth in regards to the treatment of their children.^[43] Even as this argue is evolving and children are condign more inclined to cross barriers in terms of gender with their toys, girls are typically more than encouraged to do and so than boys because of the societal value of masculinity.^[36]

Economic science

Toys "R" Us operated over 1,500 stores in 30 countries and had an annual revenue of Usa$13.six billion

With toys comprising such a large and important part of human being beingness, it makes sense that the toy industry would have a substantial economic touch. Sales of toys often increase around holidays where gift-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include Christmas, Easter, Saint Nicholas Day, and Iii Kings Solar day.

In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled well-nigh $22.9 billion.^[26] Coin spent on children between the ages of 8 and twelve alone totals approximately $221 million annually in the U.S.^[49] It was estimated that in 2011, 88% of toy sales was in the historic period group 0–xi years.^[50]

Toy companies change and adapt their toys to meet the changing demands of children thereby gaining a larger share of the substantial market. In recent years many toys accept get more complicated with flashing lights and sounds in an endeavor to entreatment to children raised around television and the cyberspace. According to Mattel's president, Neil Friedman, "Innovation is cardinal in the toy manufacture and to succeed one must create a 'wow' moment for kids by designing toys that have fun, innovative features and include new technologies and engaging content."

In an effort to reduce costs, many mass-producers of toys locate their factories in areas where wages are lower. China manufactures about seventy per centum of the earth'southward toys and is home to more 8,000 toy firms, nigh of which are located in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province.^[51] 75% of all toys sold in the U.S., for case, are manufactured in China.^[26] Issues and events such equally power outages, supply of raw materials, supply of labor, and raising wages that bear on areas where factories are located often have an enormous bear on on the toy industry in importing countries.

Many traditional toy makers accept been losing sales to video game makers for years. Because of this, some traditional toy makers accept entered the field of electronic games and even turning sound games into toys, and are enhancing the brands that they have by introducing interactive extensions or internet connectivity to their current toys.^[52]

In addition, the rise of distributed manufacturing enables consumers to make their own toys from open up source designs with a 3-D printer.^[53] As of 2017 consumers were already offsetting 10s of millions of dollars per year by 3D press their ain toys from MyMiniFactory, a single repository.^[54] ^[55]

Types

Lincoln Logs have been a pop construction type toy in the U.S. since the 1920s.

Construction sets

The Greek philosopher Plato wrote that the future architect should play at building houses as a child.^[56] A construction ready is a collection of carve up pieces that can be joined to create models. Popular models to make include cars, spaceships, and houses. The things that are built are sometimes used as toys once completed, merely generally speaking, the object is to build things of one'due south own design, and old models often are broken up and the pieces reused in new models.

The oldest and, perhaps most common construction toy is a set of simple wooden blocks, which are often painted in bright colors and given to babies and toddlers. Construction sets such as Lego bricks and Lincoln Logs are designed for slightly older children and have been quite popular in the terminal century. Construction sets appeal to children (and adults) who like to work with their hands, puzzle solvers, and imaginative sorts.

Another examples include Bayko, Konstruk-Tubes, M'Nex, Erector Sets, Tinkertoys, and Meccano, and generic construction toys such as Neodymium magnet toys.

Dolls and miniatures

A daughter and her doll in the 1900s

A doll is a model of a homo (often a baby), a humanoid (like Bert and Ernie), or an animal. Modern dolls are ofttimes made of cloth or plastic. Other materials that are, or have been, used in the manufacture of dolls include cornhusks, bone, rock, wood, porcelain (sometimes called communist china), bisque, celluloid, wax, and even apples. Often people will make dolls out of whatever materials are bachelor to them.

Sometimes intended as decorations, keepsakes, or collectibles for older children and adults, most dolls are intended as toys for children, usually girls, to play with. Dolls accept been establish in Egyptian tombs which date to as early equally 2000 BCE.^[4]

Dolls are usually miniatures, but baby dolls may be of true size and weight. A doll or stuffed animate being of soft material is sometimes called a costly toy or plushie. A popular toy of this type is the Teddy Comport.

A stardom is often fabricated between dolls and action figures, which are generally of plastic or semi-metallic construction and poseable to some extent, and often are merchandising from television shows or films which feature the characters. Modernistic action figures, such equally Action Man, are oft marketed towards boys, whereas dolls are often marketed towards girls.

Toy soldiers, perchance a precursor to modern activeness figures, take been a pop toy for centuries. They allow children to act out battles, oft with toy military equipment and a castle or fort. Miniature beast figures are also widespread, with children perhaps acting out farm activities with animals and equipment centered on a toy subcontract.

Vehicles

Children have played with miniature versions of vehicles since ancient times, with toy 2-wheeled carts existence depicted on ancient Greek vases.^[56] Wind-up toys accept also played a part in the advancement of toy vehicles. Modern equivalents include toy cars such as those produced by Matchbox or Hot Wheels, miniature aircraft, toy boats, military vehicles, and trains. Examples of the latter range from wooden sets for younger children such as Brio to more complicated realistic railroad train models like those produced by Lionel, Doepke and Hornby. Larger die-cast vehicles, one:18 scale, have become pop toys; these vehicles are produced with a cracking attention to item.^{[ citation needed ]}

Puzzles

A puzzle is a problem or enigma that challenges ingenuity. Solutions to puzzle may require recognizing patterns and creating a particular order. People with a high anterior reasoning aptitude may be meliorate at solving these puzzles than others. Puzzles based on the procedure of research and discovery to complete may exist solved faster by those with skilful deduction skills. A popular puzzle toy is the Rubik's Cube, invented by Hungarian Ernő Rubik in 1974. Popularized in the 1980s, solving the cube requires planning and trouble-solving skills and involves algorithms.

There are many unlike types of puzzles, for instance a maze is a blazon of bout puzzle. Other categories include; construction puzzles, stick puzzles, tiling puzzles, disentanglement puzzles, sliding puzzles, logic puzzles, moving picture puzzles, lock puzzles and mechanical puzzles.

Collectibles

Some toys, such as Beanie Babies, concenter large numbers of enthusiasts, eventually becoming collectibles. Other toys, such equally Boyds Bears are marketed to adults as collectibles. Some people spend large sums of money in an effort to acquire larger and more than complete collections. The record for a single Pez dispenser at auction, for instance, is United states$1100.^[57]

Promotional merchandise

This toy tractor also serves as an advertisement for John Deere.

Many successful films, television programs, books and sport teams have official merchandise, which often includes related toys. Some notable examples are Star Wars (a space fantasy franchise) and Armory, an English football club.

Likewise, many successful children'south films, television series, books or franchises extend their marketing campaign to fast food chains past including small toys of fictional characters or the series' associated symbols in a sealed plastic bag inside their kids' meals. Ane famous instance is the Happy Meal from McDonald's.^[58]

Promotional toys can autumn into any of the other toy categories; for case they can be dolls or action figures based on the characters of movies or professional athletes, or they tin can exist assurance, yo-yos, and lunch boxes with logos on them. Sometimes they are given abroad for gratuitous as a class of advertising. Model aircraft are ofttimes toys that are used by airlines to promote their brand, just as toy cars and trucks and model trains are used past trucking, railroad and other companies as well. Many food manufacturers run promotions where a toy is included with the chief production every bit a prize. Toys are also used as premiums, where consumers redeem proofs of purchase from a product and pay shipping and treatment fees to get the toy. Some people go to great lengths to collect these sorts of promotional toys.

Digital toys

Digital toys are toys that comprise some form of interactive digital technology.^[59] Examples of digital toys include virtual pets and handheld electronic games. Amongst the primeval digital toys are Mattel Motorcar Race and the Niggling Professor, both released in 1976. The concept of using technology in a fashion that bridges the digital with the concrete world, providing unique interactive experiences for the user has also been referred to as phygital.^[60]

Physical activity

A boy from Dki jakarta with his brawl. Ball games are good exercise, and are popular worldwide.

A corking many toys are part of active play. These include traditional toys such as hoops, tops, jump ropes and balls, too as more than modern toys like Frisbees, foot bags, fidget toys, astrojax, and Myachi.

Playing with these sorts of toys allows children to exercise, building strong basic and muscles and aiding in physical fitness. Throwing and catching balls and frisbees can improve manus–heart coordination. Jumping rope, (besides known as skipping) and playing with human foot bags can improve balance.

Safety regulations

Toys with modest parts, such as these Lego elements are required by police force to have warnings nigh choking hazards in some countries.

Many countries have passed safety standards limiting the types of toys that can exist sold. Most of these seek to limit potential hazards, such as choking or fire hazards that could cause injury. Children, especially very pocket-sized ones, often put toys into their mouths, so the materials used to make a toy are regulated to prevent poisoning. Materials are too regulated to prevent burn down hazards. Children take non all the same learned to judge what is safe and what is unsafe, and parents do not always remember of all possible situations, so such warnings and regulations are important on toys.

For toy safety, every country has their ain regulations. But since the globalization and opening of markets, well-nigh of them try to harmonize their regulations. The most common action for younger children is to put toys in their mouths. This is why chemicals contained in paint and other components of children's products are carefully regulated. Countries or trade zones such as the European Union regularly publish lists to regulate the quantities or ban chemicals from toys and juvenile products. Unfortunately, the globalization of toys has had negative furnishings on locally produced toys in various countries, pushing out traditional ways of play^[61] and presenting new risks to children in areas where parental literacy levels go far difficult for parents to empathize the risks and historic period-appropriateness of various imported toys.^[62]

There take also been bug of toy safety regarding lead paint. Some toy factories, when projects become too large for them to handle, outsource production to other less known factories, oftentimes in other countries. Recently, in that location were some in China that America had to send back. The subcontractors may not be watched every bit closely and sometimes utilize improper manufacturing methods. The U.S. authorities, along with mass market stores, is now moving towards requiring companies to submit their products to testing before they end upwards on shelves.^[63]

Disposal

When toys have been outgrown or are no longer wanted, they may be donated to charities such as Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army, sold at garage sales, auctioned, or even donated to museums. Still, when toys are broken, worn out or otherwise unfit for use, care should be taken when disposing of them. Donated or resold toys should be gently used, clean and have all parts.^[64] Before disposal of whatever battery-operated toy, batteries should be removed and recycled; some communities demand this be washed. Some manufacturers, such as Footling Tikes, volition take back and recycle their products.

In 2007, massive recalls of toys produced in China^[65] led many U.Due south.-based charities to cut back on, or even discontinue, their credence of used toys. Goodwill stopped accepting donations of any toys except stuffed animals, and other charities checked all toys against government-issued checklists.^[66]

The WEEE directive (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment), which aims at increasing re-use and recycling and reducing electronic waste, applies to toys in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland as of ii Jan 2007.^[67]

Toy use in animals

It is non unusual for some animals to play with toys. An example of this is a dolphin being trained to nudge a ball through a hoop. Young chimpanzees use sticks every bit dolls – the social attribute is seen by the fact that young females more oft use a stick this way than young male chimpanzees.^[68] ^[69] They carry their chosen stick and put it in their nest. Such behaviour is also seen in some adult female chimpanzees, but never after they have get mothers.

Come across also

Girls' games and toys
Boy's games and toys
Battery recycling
Board games
Card games
List of toys
List of wooden toys
List of toys and children's media awards
National Toy Hall of Fame (Us)
Toy museums
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
Toy Story, a franchise most anthropomorphic toys

References

^ "toy – Origin and significant of toy by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
^ "FYI: What Is the Oldest Toy in the Globe?". Popular Scientific discipline. xviii March 2019.
^ MrDonn.org – Daily Life in Ancient India, including the mysterious Indus Valley Civilisation Archived 19 September 2008 at the Wayback Motorcar
^ ^a ^b Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles. Transmission of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt. Project Gutenberg.
^ Wilkinson, Toby (2008). Dictionary of Ancient Arab republic of egypt . Thames & Hudson. p. 251. ISBN978-0-500-20396-5.
^ Powell, Barry B. (2001). Classical Myth; Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 33–34. ISBN978-0-xiii-088442-eight.
^ Oliver, Valerie (1996). "History of the Yo-Yo". Spintastics Skill Toys, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 August 2006. Retrieved xxx Oct 2006.
^ Klein, Stephen (1998). Jenkins, Henry (ed.). The Children'south Civilization Reader. New York Academy Press. pp. 95–109.
^ FRB Whitehouse (Table Games of Georgian and Victorian Days, Priory Firm, Herfortshire, United kingdom, 1951)
^ ^a ^b "History of Toys". everydaytoys.com. Archived from the original on twenty December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^ Shedding some light on the magic lantern Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mervyn Heard. Retrieved 1 Baronial 2011.
^ Bordwell, David and Kristin Thompson, Film History: An Introduction, 3rd edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 4. ISBN 978-0-07-338613-3
^ Joplin, N. (1996). Toy Soldiers. London: Quintet Publishing, Ltd.
^ "Puzzles Old and New by Professor Hoffmann". puzzlemuseum.com.
^ Reed, Lawrence W. "Child Labor and the British Industrial Revolution". Mackinac Center for Public Policy . Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ "National Kid Labor Commission". Library of Congress . Retrieved 10 Apr 2022.
^ Hains, Rebecca C.; Jennings, Nancy A. (2021). The Marketing of Children'due south Toys. Palgrave. p. two.
^ "On the invention of giddy putty, from Lemelson-MIT Program". web.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 16 February 2003.
^ Hains, Rebecca C.; Jennings, Nancy A. (2021). The Marketing of Children's Toys. Palgrave. p. 2.
^ "A Brief History of Toys". localhistories.org . Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^ Van Patten, Denise. "A Brief History of Talking Dolls – From Bebe Phonographe to Amazing Amanda". Well-nigh.com. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Peter K (2010). Children and Play:Understanding Children'due south Worlds. West Sussex, Uk: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89–94. ISBN978-0-631-23521-7 . Retrieved five Dec 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rossie, Jean-Pierre (2005). Toys, Play, Culture, and Society. An anthrological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara. Stockholm: SITREC. pp. 88–91. ISBN978-91-974811-iii-7 . Retrieved 5 December 2016.
^ Starr, Benjamin (xiii March 2013). "Toy Stories: Children'southward Favorite Toys Effectually the Earth". Visual News. Archived from the original on half-dozen January 2017. Retrieved v Dec 2016.
^ Cartwright, Emerge (March 1974). "Blocks and learning". Immature Children. 29 (3): 141–146. JSTOR 42657609.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tsuruoka, Doug (v Jan 2007). "Toys: Not All Fun And Games". Investor's Business Daily. Archived from the original on nine Oct 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ Ucci, Mary (Apr 2006). "Playdough: 50 Years' Onetime, And Withal Gooey, Fun, And Educational". Child Health Alert. 24 . Retrieved 17 February 2007. ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]} (Notation that the full-text online version requires login.)
^ Bernard, Susan (1994). The Mommy Guide: Existent-life Communication and Tips from Over 250 Moms and Other Experts. Contemporary Books. ISBN978-0-8092-3797-five.
^ "Study of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls". American Psychological Association . Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ Dauch, Carly; Imwalle, Michelle; Ocasio, Brooke; Metz, Alexia E. (Feb 2018). "The influence of the number of toys in the environment on toddlers' play". Baby Beliefs and Development. 50: 78–87. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.005. PMID 29190457.
^ ^a ^b Pressler, Margaret Webb (29 October 2011). "Bored with her toys". The Washington Postal service . Retrieved two April 2006.
^ Hains, Rebecca (ane Feb 2016). "A Barbie with curves is notwithstanding all about looks". The Washington Mail service . Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ "Child Rhino Addresses Age Compression By Tweaking Products, Strategies". Billboard. 10 March 2001. Retrieved fifteen Feb 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Tansel, Utku (19 October 2010). "Effects of historic period pinch on traditional toys and games". Euromonitor International. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 Oct 2011.
^ Hains, Rebecca (2014). The Princess Problem. Sourcebooks. ISBN978-1402294037.
^ ^a ^b ^c Miller, Claire Cain (30 Oct 2015). "Boys and Girls, Constrained past Toys and Costumes". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zosuls, Kristina Thousand.; Miller, Cindy Faith; Ruble, Diane Due north.; Martin, Carol Lynn; Fabes, Richard A. (June 2011). "Gender Development Research in Sexual activity Roles: Historical Trends and Future Directions". Sexual activity Roles. 64 (11–12): 826–842. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9902-3. PMC3131694. PMID 21747580.
^ Caldera, Yvonne Chiliad.; Huston, Aletha C.; O'Brien, Marion (February 1989). "Social Interactions and Play Patterns of Parents and Toddlers with Feminine, Masculine, and Neutral Toys". Child Evolution. 60 (ane): 70–76. doi:10.2307/1131072. JSTOR 1131072. PMID 2702876.
^ Alexander, G. Chiliad.; Wilcox, T.; Forest, R. (2009). "Sex differences in infants' visual interest in toys". Athenaeum of Sexual Beliefs. 38 (3): 427–433. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9430-1. PMID 19016318. S2CID 20435292.
^ Alexander, G. Thousand.; Saenz, J. (2012). "Early androgens, activity levels and toy choices of children in the second twelvemonth of life". Hormones and Beliefs. 62 (4): 500–504. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.08.008. PMID 22955184. S2CID 25564513.
^ ^a ^b Trawick-Smith, Jeffrey; Wolff, Jennifer; Koschel, Marley; Vallarelli, Jamie (July 2015). "Effects of Toys on the Play Quality of Preschool Children: Influence of Gender, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status". Early Babyhood Education Journal. 43 (iv): 249–256. doi:ten.1007/s10643-014-0644-7. S2CID 145171764.
^ Eccles, Jacquelynne S.; Jacobs, Janis E.; Harold, Rena D. (July 1990). "Gender Role Stereotypes, Expectancy Effects, and Parents' Socialization of Gender Differences". Journal of Social Issues. 46 (2): 183–201. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01929.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Witt, Susan D (1997). "Parental influence on children's socialization to gender roles". Boyhood. 32 (126): 253–259. PMID 9179321. ProQuest 195928943.
^ ^a ^b Servin, A.; Bohlin, One thousand.; Berlin, L. (1999). "Sexual practice differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year olds' toy-selection in a structured play-session". Scandinavian Periodical of Psychology. forty (1): 43–48. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00096. PMID 10216463.
^ "Toys for Girls and Boys". Canadian Toy Testing Council. Archived from the original on 4 March 2000.
^ Berenbaum, S. A., Martin, C. L., Hanish, L. D., Briggs, P. T., & Fabes, R. A. (2008). Sex differences in children's play. In J. Becker, K. Berkley, Due north. Geary, Due east. Hampson, J.Herman, & Young, Due east.A. (Eds.), Sex Differences in the Brain from Genes to Behavior (1ed., pp. 275–290).New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
^ "Gender Neutral Toys: How They Empower Our Kids". Toy Review Experts. 22 June 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Auster, Carol J.; Mansbach, Claire S. (1 October 2012). "The Gender Marketing of Toys: An Analysis of Color and Type of Toy on the Disney Store Website". Sex Roles. 67 (7): 375–388. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0177-8. S2CID 143551702.
^ "Parents of tweens seek residual for fast-maturing kids". CNN. Associated Press. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 Dec 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
^ Crupnick, Russ. "Drilling to the Core in Toy Spending". npdgroupblog.com. NPD Group. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ Chen, Dezhi; Wei, William; Hu, Daiping; Muralidharan, Etayankara (5 September 2016). "Survival strategy of OEM companies: a case study of the Chinese toy industry". International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 36 (ix): 1065–1088. doi:10.1108/IJOPM-04-2015-0212.
^ "Globe in their hands". The Age. Melbourne. 26 March 2007.
^ "Researchers run the numbers on cut the cost of toys past 3-D printing them at home". Geekwire. 20 July 2017.
^ Petersen; et al. (2017). "Impact of DIY Dwelling house Manufacturing with iii-D Printing on the Toy and Game Marketplace". Technologies. 5 (3): 45. doi:ten.3390/technologies5030045.
^ "How 3D printing could salve consumers millions in toys and games". 3D Printing Industry.
^ ^a ^b Karl Hils, The Toy – Its Value, Construction and Utilize, Edmund Ward Ltd., London, 1959.
^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (23 April 1995). "New Auction Gems: Common Folks; Venerable Houses Woo Unstuffy Buyers With Unstuffy Stuff". The New York Times. p. 37. Archived from the original on xv May 2007. Retrieved eleven Oct 2006.
^ Bishop, Pete (20 March 1990). "Fast food meals for kids come under fire". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ Manjoo, Farhad (26 November 2014). "Tech Toys That Go Beyond the Screen". The New York Times.
^ "What is Phygital?". phygitalien.com. Archived from the original on xvi December 2014. Retrieved 9 Dec 2014.
^ Oktaviani, R.C.; Ichwan, F.North. (2021). Hains, Rebecca C.; Jennings, Nancy A. (eds.). The Marketing of Children's Toys. Palgrave.
^ Oktaviani, R.C.; Ichwan, F.N. (2021). Hains, Rebecca C.; Jennings, Nancy A. (eds.). The Marketing of Children's Toys. Palgrave.
^ Barboza, David (xi September 2007). "Why Lead in Toy Paint? It'south Cheaper". The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
^ "Goodwill Industries International – Dos and Don'ts". 13 August 2005. Archived from the original on 13 August 2005.
^ Lipton, Eric S. (nineteen June 2007). "As More Toys Are Recalled, Trail Ends in Mainland china". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 June 2007.
^ Eckelbecker, Lisa (xv November 2007). "Santa helpers deal with toy recalls; Charities must scrutinize gifts". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Archived from the original on viii January 2009. Retrieved xvi Nov 2007.
^ "EC Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - DTI". 23 June 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007.
^ "Chimp "Girls" Play With "Dolls" Too—Start Wild Evidence". National Geographic. 22 December 2010.
^ Kahlenberg, Sonya Yard.; Wrangham, Richard Westward. (2010). "Sex activity differences in chimpanzees' employ of sticks as play objects resemble those of children". Current Biology. 20 (24): R1067–R1068. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.xi.024. PMID 21172622. S2CID 14490592.

External links

The Toys of our Childhood, online exhibit on Athenaeum of Ontario website

porterpricien.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy